2020, Book (monograph) In September 2017, the Lectorates LEAN & Worldclass Performance and Automotive Research of the
HAN University of Applied Science, together with a consortium of (SME) industry partners, started
the research project ‘Workshop on the Move’. The project is the search for the answer to the
question as to the best way to organize repair and maintenance of passenger cars effectively and
efficiently in the future.
This project was financed by Regional Body SiA through the RAAK SME scheme and with co-financing
of the consortium partners.
The study was divided into five work packages. In each work package part of the workload was
executed. Each work package was led by one of the consortium partners. Other consortium partners
cooperated.
The project management was in the hands of the HAN.
On the basis of work sessions, desk research, focus groups, practical tests, interviews, case studies
and student projects this research has:
- mapped out the existing industry situation,
- predicted changes for the industry until 2030,
- determined six types of business using Formative Scenario Analysis (FSA) as a guide,
- built a tool to give automotive entrepreneurs an indication of the best strategic business choice
for the future,
- validated interim results by consortium partners.
Finally, the results of the project were translated into a visual representation, various presentations,
a research report and a reference book for the automotive industry. The various publications can be
found on the website www.werkplaatsopweg.nl.
2020, External research report In september 2017 zijn de lectoraten LEAN & Worldclass Performance en Automotive Research van de HAN
University of Applied Science, met een consortium van (mkb) branchepartners, gestart met het onderzoeksproject
‘Werkplaats op Weg’. Het project is de zoektocht naar het antwoord op de vraag naar de beste manier om reparatie
en onderhoud van personenauto’s in de toekomst effectief en efficiënt te organiseren.
Dit project werd gefinancierd door Regio-orgaan SiA door middel van de RAAK-mkb regeling en met cofinanciering
van de consortiumpartners.
Het onderzoek was opgedeeld in vijf werkpakketten. Elk werkpakket stond onder leiding van één van de consortiumpartners.
Overige consortiumpartners verleenden hun medewerking.
De projectleiding was in handen van de HAN.
Aan de hand van o.a. werksessies, deskresearch, focusgroepen, praktijkproeven, interviews, casestudies en studentprojecten
zijn:
- de bestaande branchesituatie in kaart gebracht,
- drivers voor veranderingen voor de branche tot 2030 vastgesteld,
- met gebruik van Formatieve Scenario Analyse (FSA) als leidraad een zestal bedrijfstypes bepaald,
- een tool gebouwd waarmee ondernemers in de autobranche een indicatie krijgen van de beste strategische
bedrijfskeuze voor de toekomst,
- tussentijdse resutaten gevalideerd bij consortiumpartners.
Tenslotte zijn de resultaten van het project vertaald naar een visuele weergave, diverse presentaties, een onderzoeksrapport
en een naslagwerk voor de autobranche. De diverse publicaties zijn te vinden op de website
www.werkplaatsopweg.nl.
2020, External research report In september 2017 zijn de lectoraten LEAN & Worldclass Performance en Automotive Research van de HAN
University of Applied Science, met een consortium van (mkb) branchepartners, gestart met het onderzoeksproject
‘Werkplaats op Weg’. Het project is de zoektocht naar het antwoord op de vraag naar de beste manier om reparatie
en onderhoud van personenauto’s in de toekomst effectief en efficiënt te organiseren.
Dit project werd gefinancierd door Regio-orgaan SiA door middel van de RAAK-mkb regeling en met cofinanciering
van de consortiumpartners.
Het onderzoek was opgedeeld in vijf werkpakketten. Elk werkpakket stond onder leiding van één van de consortiumpartners.
Overige consortiumpartners verleenden hun medewerking.
De projectleiding was in handen van de HAN.
Aan de hand van o.a. werksessies, deskresearch, focusgroepen, praktijkproeven, interviews, casestudies en studentprojecten
zijn:
- de bestaande branchesituatie in kaart gebracht,
- drivers voor veranderingen voor de branche tot 2030 vastgesteld,
- met gebruik van Formatieve Scenario Analyse (FSA) als leidraad een zestal bedrijfstypes bepaald,
- een tool gebouwd waarmee ondernemers in de autobranche een indicatie krijgen van de beste strategische
bedrijfskeuze voor de toekomst,
- tussentijdse resutaten gevalideerd bij consortiumpartners.
Tenslotte zijn de resultaten van het project vertaald naar een visuele weergave, diverse presentaties, een onderzoeksrapport
en een naslagwerk voor de autobranche. De diverse publicaties zijn te vinden op de website
www.werkplaatsopweg.nl.
2020, Article / Letter to editor (Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board, vol. 2674, iss. 7, (2020), pp. 585-595)
2020, Article in monograph or in proceedings (EVU 2020)More and more cars nowadays are provided with a "Pilot-Assist". The Dutch-Police-Academy and the Netherlands-Forensic-Institute expect a high potential risk if the Pilot-Assist fails, leaving the vehicle without control and a driver that may not be aware of that. It is of interest how drivers will react during the transition of control from Pilot-Assist to driver. However, this transition has not been studied much. To study this transition, driver simulator tests were performed and the results of these tests were implemented in a model that simulates the transition. It was found that the initial response of all the drivers was to steer in order to keep the vehicle on the road. However, the steer response of every driver was different. It was also found that drivers are significantly more bored while driving with an active Pilot-Assist. A more realistic driving simulator and different test scenarios are needed for further research.
2012, Article / Letter to editor (Oil & Gas Science and Technology, vol. 65, iss. 1, (2012), pp. 103-113)Fuel cell hybrid vehicles are believed to provide a solution to cut down emissions in the long term. They provide local zero-emission propulsion and when the hydrogen as fuel is derived from renewable energy sources, fuel cell hybrids enable well-to-wheel zero-emission transportation,
2012, Article / Letter to editor (Oil & Gas Science and Technology, vol. 67, iss. 4, (2012), pp. 563-573)An existing fuel cell hybrid distribution truck, built for demonstration purposes, is used as a case study to investigate the effect of stack (kW) and battery (kW, kWh) sizes on the hydrogen consumption of the vehicle. Three driving cycles, the NEDC for Low Power vehicles, CSC and JE05 cycle, define the driving requirements for the vehicle. The Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is used for determining the control setpoint for the fuel cell and battery system. It closely approximates the global minimum in fuel consumption, set by Dynamic Programming (DP). Using DP the sizing problem can be solved but ECMS can also be implemented real-time. For the considered vehicle and hardware, all three driving cycles result in optimal sizes for the fuel cell stack of approximately three times the average drive power demand. This demonstrates that sizing the fuel cell stack the average or maximum power demand is not necessarily optimal with respect to a minimum fuel consumption. The battery is sized to deliver the difference between specified stack power and the peak power in the total power demand. The sizing of the battery is dominated by its power handling capabilities. Therefore, a higher maximum C-rate leads to a lower battery weight which in turn leads to a lower hydrogen consumption. The energy storage capacity of the battery only becomes an issue for C-rates over 30. Compared to a Range Extender (RE) configuration, where the stack size is comparable to the average power demand and the stack is operated on a constant power level, optimal stack and battery sizes with ECMS as EnergyManagement Strategy significantly reduce the fuel consumption. Compared to a RE strategy, ECMS makes much better use of the combined power available from the fuel cell stack and the battery, resulting in a lower fuel consumption but also enabling a lower battery weight which consequently leads to improved payload capabilities.
2009, Article in monograph or in proceedings (EVS24)At HAN University research has been started into the development of a PEM fuel cell hybrid power train to
be used in an automated guided vehicle. For this purpose a test facility is used with the possibility to test all
important functional aspects of a PEM fuel cell hybrid power train. In this paper the first experimental
results of the testing of the power train are presented, driving a drive cycle designed especially for this
automated guided vehicle. Experimental results are compared to results for this specific drive cycle from
the simulation of the power train with the QSS-toolbox, using a simple battery model of our specific energy
storage situation. Further some recommendations for improvement of the test facility are given, resulting
from restrictions encountered during the experiments.
2012, Article in monograph or in proceedings ()During the previous HVTT conference in Melbourne, results have been presented of a project FORWARD, including eleven different trailer manufacturers, involving testing and modeling activities to establish a practical basis for realistic fatigue assessment as a step towards an improved light-weight trailer design. The present paper describes the next step as part of the follow-up project LIFE (LIfetime Fatique Enhancement), starting with the model-based assessment of a realistic loading history for a semi-trailer. Representative loading conditions in this history, being derived from three weeks of field testing, are then used in Finite Element analyses to estimate fatigue life at a critical high loaded welded connection in the aluminum
trailer chassis. Results are discussed with respect to the order of different loading cycles (Palmgren-Miner number, based on fatigue tests), 3D loading at the weld, the varying weld quality, and the impact of bonded connections in the trailer. These ‘lessons learned’ are interpreted, to result in improved general guidelines in light-weight trailer design.
2010, Article in monograph or in proceedings (Theoretical and Practical Issues in Transport, pp. 106-112)One way to reduce the fuel consumption to payload ratio of heavy vehicle combinations is to reduce the empty trailer weight. This requires an understanding of the vehicle structure, assembly techniques and production process, and of special materials (e.g. high strength steel) with emphasis on strength and fatigue. But in all cases, one needs to have realistic design loads available. This paper describes an approach to determine these loads as a first step in the process. For this purpose, tractor-semitrailer combinations have been tested under normal operational conditions, for a longer period, under monitoring of a large number of measurement data. These data have been transferred into dynamic loading data in terms of forces at each separate wheel and at the king-pin in vertical, lateral and longitudinal direction. The experience with several trailers has resulted in a cost-effective testing procedure, which also allows the assessment of representative loading cycles.
2019, Article in monograph or in proceedings (Shakshuki, Elhadi (ed.), The 10th International Conference on Ambient Systems, Networks and Technologies (ANT 2019))This research is an explorative study to look for the potential to predict traffic density from driver behaviour using signals collected from the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus. The hypothesis is that driver behaviour is influenced by traffic density in such a way that an approximation of the traffic density can be determined from changes in the driver behaviour. Machine learning will be employed to correlate a selection of commonly available sensors on cars to the traffic density. Challenges in the processing of the data for this purpose will be outlined. The data for this study is collected from five passenger cars and nineteen trucks driving on the A28 highway in Utrecht region in the Netherlands. This study is restricted to straight roads in order to isolate the steering behaviour attributable to the traffic state influences rather than following the curve in the road. The results are encouraging that the correlation between driver behaviour and traffic density can be established. An overall accuracy of over 95% is achieved with a precision of 92%. The recall rate however is low most likely caused by over-fitting due to the unbalanced data set. The results still look promising and more training data should improve the results. This research is part of the broader project VIA NOVA which aims to investigate the use of car-sensor data for traffic and road asset management.
2012, Article in monograph or in proceedings (EVS26)A driving cycle defines the speed profile as requirement for a propulsion systems or vehicles. As a single driving cycle can hardly be considered representative for all situations a vehicle will experience, attempts are
made to classify driving cycles, using techniques as fuzzy logic, statistics and principal component analysis. The need for a definition of the required speed also explains the many driving cycles available in literature. Objective of this study is to classify driving cycles not in terms of speed, but in terms of power, with a focus is on electric vehicles.
2019, Article in monograph or in proceedings (HVTT15)Docking or parking articulated vehicles is a difficult task which further becomes complex with
increasing number of articulations, which can be arduous for even professional drivers.
Driver’s limited view and perception coupled with divergent instability of articulated vehicles
in reverse motion are the primary reasons of complexity of the maneuver. For such, a driver
support system is developed using a path following controller based on a virtual tractor
principle. This paper presents the control problem formulation together with brief descriptions
of relevant components of the closed-loop. An optimization routine is also presented which can
be used to tune the controller gains. A proof of concept is presented for a single articulated
vehicle using simulations and a second proof of concept is demonstrated using scaled test setup,
which also indicates that the presented controller can be implemented in full scale vehicle. Due
to a generic description presented in this paper, the controller is flexible and can be extended
for double articulated vehicles.
2008, Article / Letter to editor (Onderwijsinnovatie, vol. 10, iss. 2, (2008), pp. 10-13)Met de komst van lecoraten zijn hogescholen zich ook gaan richten op ‘toegepast onderzoek’. Maar past dat wel in het hbo? En zo ja, hoe implementeer je dat? Dit artikel beschrijft hoe binnen de HAN de competentie ‘Onderzoek doen’ hogeschoolbreed is ingekaderd.
2019, Article in monograph or in proceedings (SAE Technical Paper 2019-24-0120)In the search for low greenhouse gas propulsion, the dual fuel engine provides a solution to use low carbon fuel at diesel-like high efficiency. Also a lower emission of NOx and particles can be achieved by replacing a substantial part of the diesel fuel by for example natural gas. Limitations can be found in excessively high heat release rate (combustion-knock), and high methane emissions. These limitations are strongly influenced by operating parameters and properties of the used (bio)-gas. To find the dominant relations between fuel properties, operating parameters and the heat release rate and methane emissions, a combustion model is beneficial. Such a model can be used for optimizing the process, or can even be used in real time control. As precursor for such a model, the current state of art of dual fuel combustion modelling is investigated in this work.
The focus is on high speed dual fuel engines for heavy duty and marine applications, with a varying gas/diesel ratio. Modelling is limited to the closed part of the 4-stroke engine cycle. A methodology part is included, describing the origin of the treated work.
Modelling of the dual fuel process can be done in various ways. In this Literature Review Paper a structured overview is given of the various modelling approaches used nowadays, to simulate the dual fuel combustion. The covered models include 0D, multi-zone and 3D CFD approaches. All intermediate steps for each approach are explained, and their strong and weak points are mentioned. The modelling techniques are rated on their precision and predictive capabilities in relation to their computational cost.
The majority of the models was able to give a good description of the heat release rate, although not always predictive. A good match with experimental results is seen by Wiebe and double-Wiebe functions, but prediction is limited. By including a detailed description of the combustion process, a better predictive heat release rate can be created. Also combinations of a Wiebe model and detailed combustion models are seen.
A good prediction of NOx emissions is achieved by models that include the oxidation reactions of nitrogen in their reaction scheme, or make use of the Zeldovich mechanism. A good description of local temperature is needed. This is achieved by 3D CFD models, but also multi-zone models have shown reasonable results here.
Although often mentioned as a significant source for CH4 emissions in a dual fuel engine, crevices were hardly included in the simulation work. The 3D models that did include the volume above the piston rings, confirmed the large amount of methane emission originating from this source. When prediction of uncombusted methane is a goal of simulation, it seems this aspect is not to be neglected.
The precise spatial description and detailed reaction schemes produce useful results, but come at the cost of high computational effort. Simplified models can be fast, but lack the output of detailed predictive information. This creates an interesting outlook for further development of an intermediate class of models, with enough precision at a calculation effort feasible for control purposes.
2022, External research report De hoofdvraag van OOMT voor Level-Up is: “Wat is het effect van alle verwachtte veranderingen in de autotechniek op kennis, vaardigheden en opleidingsniveau van autotechnici in de Nederlandse autobedrijven voor 2030?”
2019, Article / Letter to editor (Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board, vol. 2673, iss. 2, (2019), pp. 60-70)Extreme winter weather conditions severely affect the transportation sector. Technologies such as Road Weather Information Systems provide live data on the road surface conditions to assist the road authorities in providing safe mobility. The main problem is, however, the limited number of such systems that have been deployed, resulting in fragmented informa- tion about road conditions. This paper addresses the problems associated with the limited quantity of information concerning slippery winter road conditions by presenting a proof-of-concept for a system that not only detects slippery winter road con- ditions, but also predicts the type of slippery surface (ice, snow and slush) via vehicle-based systems. The concept demon- strated in this paper makes use of commonly available variables, which are, longitudinal slip ratios, longitudinal acceleration and the ambient temperature to identify such situations. The developed system employs a Fuzzy Inference System that is not only capable of identifying slippery conditions but is also capable of classifying surfaces based on the extent of slipperiness. This provides the road authorities with several moving sensors (vehicles traveling on a particular road) compared with the few fixed sensors currently available. This could deliver a pool of information to assist the road authorities to efficiently han- dle their staff and equipment so that appropriate equipment reaches the right place at the right time.
2009, Article in monograph or in proceedings (EVS24)Fuel cells are expected to play an important role in the near future as prime energy source on board of road-going vehicles. In order to be able to test all important functional aspects of a fuel cell hybrid drive train, the Automotive Institute of the HAN University has decided to realize a stationary test facility, comprising an 8 kW PEM stack and a 185 [Ah] 48 [V] NiCd battery, which is connected to an asynchronous motor, which is loaded by an eddy current brake. The objective of the test facility is to provide an efficient and accessible test platform for the development of fuel cell hybrid drive trains and subsystems. This paper describes the HAN fuel cell hybrid drive train test facility and some of the experimental results that have been obtained during the process that was needed to make the facility operational.
2009, Part of book or chapter of book (, pp. 375-395)Extant literature on collaborative learning shows that this instructional approach is widely used. In this chapter, the authors discuss the lack of alignment between collaborative learning and assessment practices. They will argue that peer assessment is a form of collaborative learning and a mode of assessment that perfectly fits the purpose of collaborative learning. As such, the authors purposefully depart from the more traditional application of assessment as a summative tool and advocate the consideration of formative peer assessment in collaborative learning. This shift towards formative assessment they believe has the potential to enhance learning. Their goal in this chapter is to review both shortcomings of current peer assessment practice as well as its potential for collaborative learning. Interactivity is central to foster the alignment between assessment and collaborative learning and the authors present a set of guidelines derived from research for increasing interactivity through formative peer assessment among peers in collaborative learning contexts.