2021, Article / Letter to editor (Journal of Pain, (2021))It is widely accepted that psychosocial prognostic factors should be addressed by clinicians in their assessment and management of patient suffering from low back pain (LBP). On the other hand, an overview is missing how these factors are addressed in clinical LBP guidelines. Therefore, our objective was to summarize and compare recommendations regarding the assessment and management of psychosocial prognostic factors for LBP chronicity, as reported in clinical LBP guidelines. We performed a systematic search of clinical LBP guidelines (PROSPERO registration number 154730). This search consisted of a combination of previously published systematic review articles and a new systematic search in medical or guideline-related databases. From the included guidelines, we extracted recommendations regarding the assessment and management of LBP which addressed psychosocial prognostic factors (i.e., psychological factors ('yellow flags'), perceptions about the relationship between work and health, ('blue flags'), system or contextual obstacles ('black flags') and psychiatric symptoms ('orange flags')). In addition, we evaluated the level or quality of evidence of these recommendations. In total, we included 15 guidelines. Psychosocial prognostic factors were addressed in 13/15 guidelines regarding their assessment and in 14/15 guidelines regarding their management. Recommendations addressing psychosocial factors almost exclusively concerned 'yellow' or 'black flags', and varied widely across guidelines. The supporting evidence was generally of very low quality. We conclude that in general, clinical LBP guidelines do not provide clinicians with clear instructions about how to incorporate psychosocial factors in LBP care and should be optimized in this respect. More specifically, clinical guidelines vary widely in whether and how they address psychosocial factors, and recommendations regarding these factors generally require better evidence support. This emphasizes a need for a stronger evidence-base underlying the role of psychosocial risk factors within LBP care, and a need for uniformity in methodology and terminology across guidelines. Perspective This systematic review summarized clinical guidelines on low back pain (LBP) on how they addressed the identification and management of psychosocial factors. This review revealed a large amount of variety across guidelines in whether and how psychosocial factors were addressed. Moreover, recommendations generally lacked details and were based on low quality evidence.
2010, Article / Letter to editor (Nutrafoods, vol. 9, iss. 1, (2010), pp. 7-16)This review aims to integrate the present state of knowledge on lactate metabolism in human and mammalian physiology as far as it could be subject to nutritional interventions. An integrated view on the nutritional, metabolic and physiological aspects of lactic acid and lactates might open a perspective for innovative nutritional applications of lactates in health and wellness. Lactic acid was classically considered to be a dead end waste product of anaerobic glycolysis during severe exercise. Mammals, however, do not excrete lactate indicating that lactate cannot be considered as a dead metabolic end product. Despite a rapid and massive production of lactate, lactate is finally oxidized to the normal metabolic end products CO2 and H2O. Besides direct metabolic effects, nutritional applications of lactic acid and lactates are also considered in relation to dietary mineral supply. To the background that lactic acid is in fact a semi manufactured metabolic product, various nutritional applications are proposed in relation to metabolic training of athletes, modulation of metabolic rate, appetite control and excretion of faecal fat for weight management, lowering the glycemic index of bread and improved mineral supplementation in nutritional formulas for infants and people using proton inhibitors.
2008, Article / Letter to editor (International Dairy Journal, vol. 18, iss. 5, (2008), pp. 458-465)Lactose is a unique disaccharide, which occurs exclusively in the milk of mammals. It has wide applications as a food ingredient and in
pharmaceutical preparations. Discouragement of milk consumption, because of the existence of lactase deficiency in the majority of the world
population, is unjustified, because even in the complete absence of this enzyme, nutritionally significant volumes of milk, corresponding to about
11 g of lactose per day, are well tolerated, if the milk intake is distributed over the day and combined with meals.
2019, Article / Letter to editor (vol. 67, iss. 1, (2019), pp. 33-39)Caenorhabditis elegans is an invertebrate model organism used in many areas of biology including developmental biology and the identification of molecular mechanisms and pathways. However, several experimental approaches require large quantities of worms, which is limiting and time-consuming. We present a protocol that uses modern fermentation methodology to effectively produce large numbers of C. elegans using a 7-l bioreactor in a fed-batch cultivation procedure. The production is modular and flexible as well as being a self-controlled system, thus not much labor is required until harvesting C. elegans. The high-yield worm cultivation is flexible and simple to amend, and now allows for the extended application of C. elegans as a model organism and expression system, including large-scale protein production.
2017, Article / Letter to editor (Logistiek+: Tijdschrift voor toegepaste logistiek, iss. 4, (2017), pp. 48-65)De Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen (HAN en de Wageningen Universiteit (WUR) hebben opdracht gekregen van de Provincie Gelderland en de Gemeente Nijmegen om onderzoek te doen naar de invloed van stadslogistiek op de leefbaarheid in de binnenstad. Hiervoor is voornamelijk onderzoek gedaan tijdens de ochtendspits in Nijmegen. Tellingen en observaties lieten duidelijk de probleemgebieden zien. Tijdens twee bijeenkomsten zijn er verbetervoorstellen voorgelegd aan de stakeholders. Het uiteindelijke doel voor de opdrachtgevers is om in 2025 de stadslogistiek met zero emissie te laten plaatsvinden. Dit onderzoek leert dat lokaal onderzoek telt, niet alleen omdat dit specifieker is dan landelijk onderzoek, maar ook omdat de tellingen en observaties een goed middel blijken om de betrokkenheid van stakeholders te vergroten.
2021, Article / Letter to editor (Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology, vol. 131, iss. 1, (2021), pp. 34-35)
2015, Article / Letter to editor (Work, Aging and Retirement, vol. 1, iss. 3, (2015), pp. 284-295)The aim of this longitudinal qualitative interview study (3 waves of interviews) was to examine the nature of older workers’ late career decision-making processes, including the main drivers and obstacles for prolonging working life or retiring. Late career decision-making is regarded as a process of reflecting and deciding on whether to continue in the current job, change employer, be self-employed, or quit one’s career when approaching retirement. The general results of our interviews revealed that interviewees were positive about continuing to work in their current positions. Job and learning demands were appreciated, and retirement decisions were postponed by 1 year; a consistent theme across the 3 waves of interviews. Only a few changed their opinions completely. Few reported on possibilities for job crafting. Bridge employment was regarded as an alternative to the current employer or as a smooth transition into retirement. Reasons to continue working were multi-faceted; hence, data are presented using a baseline description followed by 5 rich narratives to illustrate the width of the data. Together, these findings suggest that plans for late career and retirement decisions emerge and mature over the years prior to retirement. This study contributes to the understanding of the complex nature of older workers’ late careers, and extends our knowledge of the retirement decision process. The study informs leaders about drivers and obstacles for employees to continue working, and may have implications for future human resource planning and management.
2016, Article / Letter to editor (Addiction Research & Theory, vol. 25, iss. 2, (2016), pp. 139-145)Introduction: Elderly alcohol dependent patients can be discriminated based on the age of onset of alcohol use. This is relevant for their clinical problem presentation and for the course of treatment. Materials and methods: In this paper, problems of elderly patients are presented at intake in an addiction treatment center, based on the most recent, almost nationwide applied intake instrument in The Netherlands: the MATE. Prevalences are analyzed for substance use, psychiatric and somatic co-morbidity, level and severity of dependence, limitations in daily functioning, craving, and perceived levels of depression, anxiety and stress. Among a total of 1942 alcohol dependent patients, four subpopulations were compared in the analyses: adults (24–55 years), elderly patients (=?55 years) with early (early-onset alcohol dependence (EOAD),?<?25 years), middle (medium-onset alcohol dependence (MOAD), 25–45 years) and late (late-onset alcohol dependence (LOAD),??>?45 years) onset alcohol dependence. Results: Results show that LOAD has less problem severity in almost all assessment areas than adults. They do however use 3.5 times more often medication for physical illnesses, and suffer more often from confusion and somatic diseases. LOAD is not different from EOAD and MOAD. Conclusion: The results show that LOAD in a relatively short time period developed an alcohol dependence and alcohol related problems that are similar to that of their peers who used alcohol for a much longer time.
2016, Article in monograph or in proceedings (Conference: EurOMA 2016, pp. 11)Lean manufacturing has proven to be an efficient means improving mass production. Recently, Lean is of increasing interest for high-variety, low-volume production environments. However, little research has been done in this field. Yet, this contribution provides a systematic literature analysis in conjunction with expert interviews and qualitative data analysis not only to demonstrate the status quo of Lean in HV/LV but to develop a research agenda. In addition, a Maturity Model is developed analysing Lean implementation through a combination of tools, processes, and interoperability supporting the assessment of the application of Lean in various in HV/LV environments.
2015, Article / Letter to editor (European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, vol. 2015, (2015), pp. 1-18)This study, among 330 pairs of employees and their supervisors, tested whether self- versus supervisor ratings of five employability dimensions (occupational expertise, corporate sense, personal flexibility, anticipation and optimization, and balance) are associated with different learning characteristics in the workplace, and whether age moderates these relationships. Results of structural equation modelling showed that the learning value of the job positively related to both self- and supervisor ratings of corporate sense, personal flexibility, and anticipation and optimization. Applicability in the job of recently followed training and development programmes was associated with all dimensions of self-rated employability and with supervisor ratings of anticipation and optimization. Regarding the hypothesized age moderation effects, contrary to our expectations, it was found that both learning value and applicability of training and development related more strongly to self-rated anticipation and optimization for younger workers. In addition, age appeared to moderate the otherwise non-significant relationship between learning value and self-rated occupational expertise. Implications for Human Resource Development (HRD) practices are discussed. As learning characteristics are differentially related to the unique employability dimensions, tailor-made development programmes are key. Moreover, it is advocated that having a job with a high learning value is an important factor in the light of the employee’s sustainable employability.
2015, Article / Letter to editor (European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, vol. 25, iss. 1, (2015), pp. 13-30)This study, among 330 pairs of employees and their supervisors, tested whether self- versus supervisor ratings of five employability dimensions (occupational expertise, corporate sense, personal flexibility, anticipation and optimization, and balance) are associated with different learning characteristics in the workplace, and whether age moderates these relationships. Results of structural equation modelling showed that the learning value of the job positively related to both self- and supervisor ratings of corporate sense, personal flexibility, and anticipation and optimization. Applicability in the job of recently followed training and development programmes was associated with all dimensions of self-rated employability and with supervisor ratings of anticipation and optimization. Regarding the hypothesized age moderation effects, contrary to our expectations, it was found that both learning value and applicability of training and development related more strongly to self-rated anticipation and optimization for younger workers. In addition, age appeared to moderate the otherwise nonsignificant relationship between learning value and self-rated occupational expertise. Implications for Human Resource Development (HRD) practices are discussed. As learning characteristics are differentially related to the unique employability dimensions, tailor-made development programmes are key. Moreover, it is advocated that having a job with a high learning value is an important factor in the light of the employee’s sustainable employability.
2016, Dissertation Th is dissertation addresses the alignment of learning space with higher education learning and teaching. Signi€ficant changes in higher education the past decades, such as increased information and communication technology (ICT) and new learning theories have resulted in the dilemma whether higher education institutions can facilitate tomorrow’s learning and teaching in today’s or even yesterday’s school buildings. In practice, this results in the managerial question: ‘How can higher education institutions align the physical learning environment with the developments in learning and teaching?’.
2016, Article / Letter to editor (Building and Environment, (2016), pp. 243-252)This paper aims to address higher education students’ learning space preferences. The study is based on a survey that involved 697 business management students of a Dutch University of Applied Sciences. The research focuses on preferred learning spaces for individual study activities, which require concentration, and preferred learning spaces for collaborative study activities with peers, which require communication. The results show that students consider their physical learning environment to be relevant and assume that learning spaces contribute to the outcome of their study activities. In contrast to the literature, the findings reveal that learning space preferences of students cannot substantially be attributed to behavioral aspects, such as their individual preference for privacy, interaction, and autonomy, nor to aspects of the physical environment related to the perceived relevance of comfort, aesthetics, ICT facilities, and layout. Student characteristics, such as gender, age, study year, or living situation, have a significant, but limited influence on the learning space preferences of students. Students mainly prefer learning spaces related to their learning activities. Students prefer learning space at home for individual activities. For collaborative study activities with peers, they prefer learning space at the university. Public spaces are not popular for study activities. Overall, students particularly prefer quiet learning spaces with the possibility to retreat as an individual or as a small group. Apparently, learning space preferences are more related to perceived effectiveness rather than to experience value.
2019, Article / Letter to editor (International Journal for Equity in Health, vol. 18, iss. 1, (2019))Background One way to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) is the implementation of health insurance schemes. A robust and up to date overview of empirical evidence assessing and substantiating health equity impact of health insurance schemes among specific vulnerable populations in LMICs beyond the more common parameters, such as income level, is lacking. We fill this gap by conducting a systematic review of how social inclusion affects access to equitable health financing arrangements in LMIC. Methods We searched 11 databases to identify peer-reviewed studies published in English between January 1995 and January 2018 that addressed the enrolment and impact of health insurance in LMIC for the following vulnerable groups: female-headed households, children with special needs, older adults, youth, ethnic minorities, migrants, and those with a disability or chronic illness. We assessed health insurance enrolment patterns of these population groups and its impact on health care utilization, financial protection, health outcomes and quality of care. Results The comprehensive database search resulted in 44 studies, in which chronically ill were mostly reported (67%), followed by older adults (33%). Scarce and inconsistent evidence is available for individuals with disabilities, female-headed households, ethnic minorities and displaced populations, and no studies were yielded reporting on youth or children with special needs. Enrolment rates seemed higher among chronically ill and mixed or insufficient results are observed for the other groups. Most studies reporting on health care utilization found an increase in health care utilization for insured individuals with a disability or chronic illness and older adults. In general, health insurance schemes seemed to prevent catastrophic health expenditures to a certain extent. However, reimbursements rates were very low and vulnerable individuals had increased out of pocket payments. Conclusion Despite a sizeable literature published on health insurance, there is a dearth of good quality evidence, especially on equity and the inclusion of specific vulnerable groups in LMIC. Evidence should be strengthened within health care reform to achieve UHC, by redefining and assessing vulnerability as a multidimensional process and the investigation of mechanisms that are more context specific.
2011, Article / Letter to editor (Kanner, vol. 2011, (2011), pp. 8-11)De best denkbare hulp voor mensen met autisme… Dat vergt praktijkgericht onderzoek naar nieuwe behandelmethoden en -instrumenten. Daarom was het Dr. Leo Kannerhuis in 2008 nauw betrokken bij de opzet van het Lectoraat Levensloopbegeleiding bij Autisme aan de Hogeschool Arnhem Nijmegen. Wat is er sindsdien bereikt? En welke plannen zijn er? Een terug- en vooruitblik door lector Jan-Pieter Teunisse.
2011, Part of book or chapter of book (, pp. 63-78)The argument for many innovations in higher education provided by the Ministry of Education is the realization of a knowledge economy in the Netherlands (Ministerie van OC&W, 1999). A significant example of such an innovation to support the knowledge economy is the installation of professors (lectoren) at Universities of Applied Sciences (U.A.S.) (hogescholen) in 2001. The objectives of their research groups (kenniskringen) are: 1) development of knowledge to improve professional practice, 2) professional development of lecturers2 (hogeschooldocenten), (3) improvement of the curriculum based on practice-based research and professional experience, and (4) circulation of knowledge between society and U.A.S. Until recently U.A.S. in the Netherlands were teaching-only institutions. Since 2001 research has become part of their corporate identity (Ministerie van OC&W and HBO-raad, 2001).
2012, Article in monograph or in proceedings (ECER 2012)Since 2001, newer universities in the Netherlands have expanded their core business of teaching by including research activities. The installation of professors and research groups at these institutions is one example of the change in policy. The current innovations place serious demands on the flexibility and innovative power of the lecturers. They have to engage in novel research roles, while maintaining the quality of their current teacher roles. In our study, we focus on theexpansion of lecturers’ role portfolios. Paper presented for individual presentation on the European Conference on Educational Research, Cádiz, Spain.
2011, Article in monograph or in proceedings (2011 SRHE Annual Research Conference)Universities of Applied Science in the Netherlands started in 2001 with an expansion of their core business
teaching with research. Lecturers are confronted with novel researcher roles in combination with current teacher roles. Enhancing their research expertise is seen as fundamental for achieving a sustainable research climate. The aim of this study is to increase our understanding of key features of learning arrangements in newer universities to enhance the research expertise of lecturers.
2011, Article in monograph or in proceedings (Annual Newer Researchers and Postgraduate Researcher Conference SRH)Since 2001, Dutch Universities of Applied Sciences are expanding their core business teaching with research. Lecturers have to engage in novel researcher roles while maintaining their performance in teacher roles. First, we present a framework that acknowledges the intricacies of this double role transition. We draw on theories on role transition and on work-related learning. We raise the question whether using Bourdieu’s theory of practice (1977) as a unifying framework, offers a practical way to strengthen an interdisciplinary and multilayered approach in studies on role transition. Second, the framework is applied in an explorative study on the role transitions of lecturers in a Dutch U.A.S. Using two vignettes, we show how role transitions are regulated both by lecturers’ personal identities and proactive agency, and measures taken in the institutional context. Despite measures taken, planned/implemented/in-progress, the findings suggests that the situation in the U.A.S. is still too weak to reach ambitions.
2012, Article / Letter to editor (Cahier meer met mensen, vol. 5, iss. 1, (2012), pp. 6-7)Algemeen wordt aangenomen dat een vitale werknemer beter presteert en minder vaak verzuimt. Dat betekent dat de werkgever een belang heeft bij de leefstijl van de werknemer. Hij kan die op twee manieren beïnvloeden: aan de ene kant door op het werk goede arbeidsomstandigheden te creëren en gezondheidsinitiatieven en -faciliteiten aan te bieden. En aan de andere kant door zich te bemoeien met het privéleven van de werknemer. Tot hoever mag de werkgever gaan? Cahier peilde de meningen van een aantal opinieleiders, actief op het gebied van werk en gezondheid.
2011, Part of book or chapter of book ()Leerlingen gaan naar school om zich te ontwikkelen en bepaalde leerdoelen te halen. Een kerntaak van het onderwijs is leerlingen hierbij te helpen. Leraren spelen hierin een belangrijke rol: zij stimuleren, begeleiden en sturen het leerproces waar nodig bij. Het (tussentijds) beoordelen van het leren is hierbij essentieel. Dit boek gaat ervan uit dat dit niet alleen de taak is van de leraar, maar ook van de leerlingen zelf. Door zelfreflectie, feedback van de leraar en evaluatie door medeleerlingen worden zij zich meer bewust van hun eigen leerproces en krijgen zij aanwijzingen voor het zetten van de volgende stap op weg naar het bereiken van hun leerdoel. Evalueren om te Leren biedt (aankomende) leraren theoretische achtergronden, praktijkvoorbeelden, handvatten en praktische instrumenten om leerlingen te helpen in hun ontwikkeling. De benadering van evaluatie, die ‘Evalueren om te Leren’ wordt genoemd, staat centraal in dit boek. De actieve rol van leerlingen hierin wordt sterk benadrukt.
2013, Article / Letter to editor (Opleiding en Ontwikkeling, vol. 2013, iss. 6, (2013), pp. 19-24)Mensen leren formeel, informeel, door ervaring, sociale interactie, theorie, refl ectie. Maar welke doelen dient dit leren en welke leervormen kun je daarbij kiezen? We presenteren een overzicht van leervormen en een praktisch kijkkader voor een bredere inzet en ondersteuning van leren.
2020, Article / Letter to editor (Human Movement Science, vol. 71, (2020), pp. 102623)Following total knee replacement (TKR), patients often persist in maladaptive motor behavior which they developed before surgery to cope with symptoms of osteoarthritis. An important challenge in physical therapy is to detect, recognize and change such undesired movement behavior. The goal of this study was to measure the differences in clinical status of patients pre-TKR and post-TKR and to investigate if differences in clinical status were accompanied by differences in the patients'' motor flexibility. Eleven TKR participants were measured twice: pre-TKR and post-TKR (twenty weeks after TKR). In order to infer maladaptation, the pre-TKR and post-TKR measurements of the patient group were separately compared to one measurement in a control group of fourteen healthy individuals. Clinical status was measured with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain and knee stiffness and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Furthermore, Lower-limb motor flexibility was assessed by means of a treadmill walking task and a leg-amplitude differentiation task (LAD-task) supported by haptic or visual feedback. Motor flexibility was measured by coordination variability (standard deviation (SD) of relative phase between the legs) and temporal variability (sample entropy) of both leg movements. In the TKR-group, the VAS-pain and VAS- stiffness and the subscales of the KOOS significantly decreased after TKR. In treadmill walking, lower-limb motor flexibility did not significantly change after TKR. Between-leg coordination variability was significantly lower post-TKR compared to controls. In the LAD-task, a significant decrease of between-leg coordination variability between pre-TKR and post-TKR was accompanied by a significant increase in temporal variability. Post-TKR-values of lower-limb flexibility approached the values of the control group. The results demonstrate that a clinically relevant change in clinical status, twenty weeks after TKR, is not accompanied by alterations in lower-limb motor flexibility during treadmill walking but is accompanied by changes in motor flexibility towards the level of healthy controls during a LAD-task with visual and haptic feedback. Challenging patients with non-preferred movements such as amplitude differentiation may be a promising tool in clinical assessment of motor flexibility following TKR.
2016, Article / Letter to editor (Zorg Primair : Vakblad voor het Primair en Speciaal Onderwijs, iss. 5, (2016))Voor vrijwel alle scholen is het recht doen aan verschillen tussen leerlingen een speerpunt in het strategisch beleid. De inzet van technologie is hierbij onmisbaar en biedt voortdurend nieuwe mogelijkheden, zowel in termen van data en feedback ten behoeve van het reguleren van leerprocessen, als voor de interactie met leerstof en voor de realisatie van een rijke, sociale leeromgeving. Wat betekent dat eigenlijk in de praktijk? Hoe ziet het onderwijs er dan uit? Hoe ver willen we vanuit onze visie gaan? Weten we wat werkt en voor welk doel? Wat vraagt dat van de leerlingen, de leraren en de organisatie? De schoolleider is in dit proces van grote betekenis.
2011, Article / Letter to editor (Acta Horticulturae, iss. 893, (2011), pp. 343-350)The scope of this investigation is the development and testing of a new type of greenhouse with an integrated linear Fresnel lens, receiver module and an innovative system for tracking to exploiting all direct radiation in a solar energy system.
2007, External research report De kerngedachte van het arrangement Samen Deskundiger met de Pabo is dat de leraar-in-opleiding de expertise op het gebied van ict en onderwijs én de eigen veranderbekwaamheid inzet in de basisscholen en op deze wijze bijdraagt aan onderwijsontwikkeling met ict in de scholen. De vragen en behoeften in de scholen staan daarbij centraal. De match tussen de school (context en vraag) en de leraar-in-opleiding (competenties en leervragen) is een voorwaarde voor een vruchtbare samenwerking. De leraar-in-opleiding wordt ondersteund door de pabo en brengt de vragen en ervaringen terug in de pabo. Door deze werkwijze kan de pabo het curriculum en de ondersteuning beter afstemmen op de ontwikkelingen in de scholen en leren scholen hun vragen aan de pabo beter te articuleren. Zo ontstaat duurzame samenwerking. Tevens wordt bijgedragen aan de formulering van een goede standaard voor pedagogisch-didactische competenties voor leraren basisonderwijs en hun opleiders. Dit zijn de doelstellingen van het arrangement in een notedop. In 2006-2007 zijn drie pabo’s met ondersteuning van Kennisnet/Ict op School aan de slag gegaan met de uitwerking van een arrangement, samen met een aantal scholen en studenten. In dit onderzoek hebben we de arrangementen intensief gevolgd om inzicht te krijgen in de effectiviteit van de gehanteerde werkwijze en in de werkzame bestanddelen daarin. Meer specifiek betreft het de volgende drie deelvragen: 1.Zijn de doelstellingen van Samen Deskundiger met de Pabo bereikt? 2.Welke relatie is er tussen het doorlopen proces van het arrangement tussen pabo en de deelnemende scholen en de mate waarin doelstellingen zijn bereikt? 3.Door welke maatregelen is de effectiviteit en efficiëntie van de aanpak verder te verbeteren?
2018, Part of book or chapter of book (Boei, F.; Willemse, M. (ed.), Kennisbasis Lerarenopleiders, Katern 5: onderzoek in de lerarenopleidingen, pp. 21-34)Lerarenopleiders en onderzoek hebben een relatie die niet altijd zonder problemen is. Dat is zeker voor een deel te verklaren vanuit de geschiedenis. In het overzicht dat Van Essen schrijft over 200 jaar leraren opleiden voor het basisonderwijs, noemt ze één constante. Er wordt al die tijd gezocht naar een gewenst evenwicht tussen theorie en praktijk (Van Essen, 1994; 2006). In dit hoofdstuk wordt vanuit een beknopt historisch overzicht de relatie tussen de onderwijs-/lerarenopleidingspraktijk en (onderwijs)onderzoek beschreven; de relatie tussen de praktijk van het opleiden en kennis als opbrengst van onderzoek. Uitgangspunt is dat een historisch overzicht een breder en meer genuanceerd perspectief biedt op de huidige verhouding tussen praktijk en theorie/onderzoek binnen de lerarenopleidingen en deze daardoor verheldert. In een korte inleidende paragraaf worden eerst de termen onderzoek(sopbrengsten) en opleidingspraktijk belicht. In de vervolgparagrafen wordt beschreven hoe onderzoek en de opbrengsten daarvan enerzijds en de praktijk waarin leraren worden opgeleid anderzijds zich altijd op enige wijze tot elkaar verhouden hebben. De tweede paragraaf gaat over het bijna vanzelfsprekend samengaan van praktijk en theorie in de negentiende eeuw. Als in de twintigste eeuw de roep om meer theorie in de opleidingen toeneemt, vindt men in de praktijk de dan aanwezige theorie niet altijd bruikbaar. Dat lijkt samen te vallen met de erkenning van pedagogiek als wetenschap in Nederland aan het begin van de twintigste eeuw en de behoefte en ook noodzaak zich als wetenschap in ontwikkeling afgezonderd van de praktijk te ontwikkelen. Theorie en praktijk groeien uit elkaar (paragraaf drie). In paragraaf vier wordt gerapporteerd over de ervaren noodzaak en behoefte aan het weer tot elkaar komen van onderzoek en opleidingspraktijk. Het verlangen daartoe leidt nog niet tot realisering. In een laatste paragraaf wordt vanuit het perspectief van de opleidingspraktijk beschreven hoe onderzoek daarin een definitieve en geïntegreerde plek kan krijgen.